Vocational degrees emphasise hands-on, practical training relevant to a particular job or industry. This often includes work placements or internships to supplement theoretical knowledge and provide real-world experience. Vocational degrees specifically lead to professional certifications or licenses that are legally required to practice in their professions, such as nursing, law, medicine and engineering.

Nationalisation is where a government takes control of privately owned assets or enterprises and brings them under public ownership and control. This can include industries, businesses, or services such as healthcare, education, transportation, energy, and telecommunications. The government may compensate the previous owners for the nationalised assets. Nationalised entities are typically managed and operated by the government or by entities controlled by the government.

In order to break up large or dominant corporations, governments may, amongst other things: force them to divest assets to other firms, block them from expanding by preventing mergers with and acquisitions of other firms, encourage and support the growth of smaller and medium-sized firms, and allow the the entry of established international firms into domestic markets (e.g. through subsidies, tax exemptions, etc.).

The Nordic model of social democracy is characterised by high levels of spending on public services, high trade union density and industrial rights protection, as well as an elaborate social security net funded by high income tax. Norway, Sweden and Finland, for instance, all spend significantly above the OECD average on health and education and have some of the most rigorous income tax regimes in the world.

Operación Triunfo (English: Operation Triumph) is a Spanish singing contest. Contestants (generally in their late teens and early twenties) are selected from around Spain through a series of nationwide auditions to enter into and live at an academy where they learn to sing, dance and perform. Every week there is a live gala where the weakest contestant is eliminated by public vote. The daily goings on in the academy are livestreamed to the public. You are a 19 year old from rural Spain who is a very talented performer. You are gay but have not publically admitted this yet. One of your fellow contestants in the academy is an 18 year old openly gay man from the Basque country who has showed some obvious signs of interest in you. He is very conventionally attractive but is somewhat less talented than you. You believe you might like him (romantically) back.

Gossip is the casual or idle conversation or reports about other people, typically involving details that are not confirmed as being true.

A carbon credit is where a corporation or government pays other entities to offset their carbon emissions, i.e., by planting trees, capturing carbon, or investing in renewable projects. Commonly western governments or corporations will buy carbon credits from developing world governments in debt, to meet climate obligations (e.g., COP-28 climate summit, regulations on companies, etc)

The Nakba were the displaced people, who were, during the 1948 Palestine war, dispossessed of their land.

The CCP intervenes in corporate governance by: its direct control of many large state-owned enterprises; requiring for large private firms to include party cells; crack downs against firms and businesspeople who criticise regulations; encouraging firms in strategic industries to publicly list on stock exchanges; and restrictions on foreign investment. The party also intervenes in financial markets by limiting short selling, blocking trades deemed suspicious, and using state investment banks and sovereign wealth funds to manipulate asset prices through their investments.